The Criminalization of Non-Performing Bank Loans under Indonesia’s Anti-Corruption Law: A Directors’ Perspective
Keywords:
non-performing loan criminalization, corruption offenses, bank directors, business judgment rule, business riskAbstract
The criminalization of non-performing loans in state-owned banking has raised fundamental concerns regarding the boundary between business risk and directors’ criminal liability for corruption. This study aimed to analyze the legal construction of non-performing loan criminalization, identify the boundary between business risk and criminal wrongdoing, and formulate parameters for directors’ liability in lending decisions. This qualitative library research employed a meta-ethnographic approach to seventy conceptually rich qualitative articles published between 2017 and 2025. The literature was selected through a systematic review protocol and analyzed using content and thematic analyses. The findings demonstrated that non-performing loans did not independently possess a criminal character. Criminalization emerged when financial losses were linked to irregular decision-making processes, breaches of prudential principles, individual culpability, conflicts of interest, unlawful benefits, and causation. The study developed the Director-Centered Criminalization Boundary model, which positioned directors’ decision-making processes at the core of criminal liability assessment. The model contributed theoretically by integrating banking law, corporate law, and anti-corruption law, while providing a practical framework for proportionately distinguishing business failure from corrupt conduct in effectively assessing lending decisions by state-owned banks.
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