Conceptual Ambiguity of Concrete Acts and Factual Actions in Indonesian State Administrative Law Disputes
Abstract
The expansion of objects of dispute before the State Administrative Court (PTUN) through Law Number 30 of 2014 on Government Administration and Supreme Court Regulation Number 2 of 2019 has shifted administrative law from reviewing administrative decisions toward governmental actions. However, this development lacks conceptual clarity concerning concrete acts and factual actions, creating inconsistencies in determining dispute objects and PTUN’s absolute jurisdiction. This study reconstructs both concepts from the perspective of modern administrative law. It employs a descriptive qualitative method and a Systematic Literature Review based on PRISMA 2020. Data comprise 95 articles published between 2017 and 2025 and retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science, DOAJ, Google Scholar, and SINTA, analyzed through descriptive and comparative analysis. The findings demonstrate that a concrete act is a juridical characteristic reflecting an object, subject, and legal effect, whereas a factual action constitutes the exercise of governmental authority, with or without a prior administrative decision. This study proposes a conceptual reconstruction model positioning legal effect as the primary criterion for identifying administrative dispute objects, thereby strengthening legal certainty, PTUN decision consistency, and Indonesian administrative law doctrine.
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